Orchard management strategies to reduce bruises on apples in India: a review

Abstract India is the fifth-largest apple producer in world with more than 2 MT per year. Mechanical damage such as bruises of apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.), which can result considerable wastage and decline quality, a major problem industry. On-site investigations orchard management strategies to reduce Northern were conducted by first author collaboration University Bonn. The industry including farmers continuous process reducing losses caused mechanical damage. Apple develop along whole value chain. Orchard offers countermeasures bruise susceptibility apples. At harvest, be impact compression forces due unsuitable practices. This review explains formation development bruises, followed causes measures or avoid particular regard India. include crop load management, fruit water status nutrient composition, maturity stage, harvest time later day, gentle methods, packing into soft, padded bins careful transport out orchard.